Rheology of electromagnetohydrodynamic tangent hyperbolic nanofluid over a stretching riga surface featuring dufour effect and activation energy

Scientific Reports volume 12, Article number: 14602 (2022) Cite this article

1197 Accesses

13 Citations

Metrics details

The present model deals with the consequence of Dufour, activation energy, and generation of heat on electromagnetohydrodynamic flow of hyperbolic tangent nanofluid via a stretching sheet. This offers a broad significance in several engineering fields. With adequate similarity variables, the regulating governing equations of PDEs are renovated into nonlinear ODEs. The numerical output of the produced ordinary differential equations is conducted with MATLAB bvp4c. The influence of increasing features on temperature, velocity, concentration patterns, drag force coefficient, Sherwood number and Nusselt number is depicted graphically and numerically. Hence, the resultant conclusions are confirmed utilising contrast with earlier output. Interestingly, the activation energy retards the nanofluid's tangential hyperbolic concentration distribution and the rise in temperature of the hyperbolic tangential nanofluid flow is traceable to an increase in the Dufour effect, However, the electromagnetohydrodynamic variable increases the velocity distribution, which influences the Power law index. Conclusively, the rate of heat transfer is inhibited when the thermophoresis parameter, heat source and the Weissenberg number are enhanced.

Heat transmission on non-Newtonian fluid investigations is significant, as the features of a fluid with dispersed nanoparticles cannot be adequately characterised by the Newtonian fluid conception. The study of non-Newtonian materials is relevant to a wide variety of fields. Materials of this kind have found extensive applications in fields as diverse as oil reservoir engineering, biotechnology geophysics, the nuclear and chemical industries, and many more. slurries, Ketchup, aint, paper pulp, polymer solutions, dirt, are just a few examples of non-Newtonian liquids. Considering the size of scientific and industrial progress, researchers are keen to scrutinized the physicochemical approach. The heat transmission flow properties of rheological fluids, in this instance, are critical in food science, fossil fuel extraction, applied physics, medicine, and polymer dissolving sectors. Tangent hyperbolic fluids are non-Newtonian fluids with shear-thinning features. Similarly, a pseudoplastic fluid framework with four characteristics can also describe shear-thinning processes; this type is called hyperbolic tangent fluid. To better understand the behavior of these materials, several models of non-Newtonian liquids have been constructed in the scientific literature. Here's an example: Since its viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, the tangent hyperbolic liquid may be used as a model to study shear thinning properties. In a porous medium, Reddy et al.1 explored the peristaltic transport of a hyperbolic tangent fluid. Hayat et al.2 investigated the hydromagnetic flow of a tangential hyperbolic nanofluid formed by an impermeable surface considering Brownian mobility and thermophoresis features. Using the built-in MATLAB bvp4c, Hussain et al.3 addressed unsteady MHD flow, including nanoparticles and motile microorganisms, utilising a porous stretchable wedge that has 2nd slip and a Nield threshold. Hayat et al.4 addressed hyperbolic tangent fluid flow incorporating Soret-Dufour numbers. Sabu et al.5 revealed the significance of nanoparticles’ shape and thermo-hydrodynamic slip constraints on MHD alumina-water nanoliquid flows over a rotating heated disk: the passive control approach. Mahdy and Chamkha6 investigated the thermophysical consequences of a time dependent MHD delineation in a permeable medium of tangential hyperbolic nanofluid considering extending wedge using numerical technique. Shafiq et al.7 investigated mass and heat transport rates in microorganisms containing hyperbolic tangent nanofluids with MHD and a zero mass flux constraint. Naseer et al.8 studied hyperbolic tangent fluid boundary layer in a stretchable longitudinal cylinder. Dawar et al.9 studied towards a new MHD non-homogeneous convective nanofluid flow model for simulating a rotating inclined thin layer of sodium alginate-based Iron oxide exposed to incident solar energy. Nadeem et al.10 investigated the behaviour of micro hyperbolic tangent liquid in a curved tube.

Generally, boundary layer flows impacted by MHD play a critical role in manufacturing and technical procedures, including the construction of MHD turbines, flow metres, and nuclear reactors. External magnetic fields are widely used to control high conductivity fluid flows, such as semiconductor melting or liquid metals, referred to as conventional MHD flow. This method is ineffective for fluids with low electrical conductivity, such as sea water. A Riga surface generates Lorentz force. Riga refers to a plate surface containing mutually placed magnets and electrodes. This plate is unique because it induces electromagnetic energy sufficient to generate Lorentz forces along the surface, thereby restricting the flow of slightly conducting fluid. The plate was originally constructed from an array of interspaced and obligatory magnets distributed in a spanwise configuration. It can be utilised to prevent boundary layer tearing caused by radiation. In this regard, the Riga plate-induced laminar flow has been examined in physical properties. Gailitis and Lielausis11 leveraged the Riga plate for regulating fluid motion. The relevance of chemical changes involving energy activation driving tangent hyperbolic nanofluid Riga wedge flow in the presence of a source of heat was reported by Abdal et al.12. They discovered that as the modified Hartmann number escalates from 13.3 to 21.93%, the drag force is significantly increased. Shafiq et al.13 scrutinized the heated nanostructures layer by incorporating an electro-magnetic actuator into a Riga surface. Farooq et al.14 presented the stagnation point flow through a Riga plate exhibiting chemical interactions. Wakif et al.15 addressed the advective EMHD flow behaviour of an electrical current generating fluid across a vertical electromagnetic surface. Hayat et al.16 investigated the effect of varied thickness on a stretched electromagnetic plate. Ahmad et al.17 investigated the dynamics of convective nanofluid flow over a strongly suctioned Riga surface. Shaw et al.18 examined a variable-effects extended Riga surface. Using numerical method, Rafique et al.19 examined the stratification flow of micropolar nanofluid across the Riga Plate. Nadeem et al.20 studied an exponentially extending Riga plate for the nanofluid domain. Mahdy and Hoshoudy21 investigated time-dependent EMHD tangential hyperbolic nanofluids flow across a heated Riga surface with a chemical process. Fatunmbi et al.22 investigated the irreversibility of Eyring–Powell non Newtonian nanoliquid flow through a Riga plate. Alotaibi and Rafique23 explored the role of microrotation on nanofluid on a Riga surface. Hayat et al.24 tackled the rotational flow of nanofluid via a Riga plate. Asogwa et al.25 elucidated the importance of ramped energy using Casson fluid over a tilted Riga plate. Ahmad et al.26 Executed a numerical analysis of nanofluid flow past a Riga-plate. Recently, Asogwa et al.27 dissected the features of alumina and cupric nanoparticles over a rapid Riga surface with thermal dispersion. Other relevant literature of Riga Plate are cited in28,29,30.

The investigation of mass and energy flux occurrences entails the flow being induced by the contrast in densities produced by concentration and temperature variations and substance structure. The Dufour impact is often used to refer to the thermal gradient generated by the solute differential. The Dufour impact governs mixes of hydrocarbons with lesser and intermediate molecular masses. Like petrochemical engineering and seismology research, numerous utilizations are associated with this process. Investigators demonstrated a strong awareness in these two areas, and as a response, they participated in several investigations. For example, Rasool et al.31 investigated the role of thermal diffusion and Dufour effect implications on Darcy–Forchheimer circulation of nanoparticles in a stable immiscible state. They demonstrated that the Dufour effect outcome enhances heat transport in the presence of binary reaction. Goud and Reddy32 explored the role of thermal diffusion and Dufour number on MHD time dependent flow through a rapidly inclined vertical heated channel heated using Galerkin FEM. They discovered that as the Dufour values rise, friction diminishes. Likewise, by employing the Galerkin finite element method. Kumar et al.33 explored unsteady MHD free convection combining thermal diffusion and Dufour impact phenomena over a vertically fixed surface. Abdelraheem and El-Sapa34 addressed MHD nanofluid convection through a squared cavity. They incorporated dual rotation between an external rotating disc and an inside squared form with thermal diffusion and Dufour phenomena. Asogwa et al.35 explored thermal distribution and Duffour's effects on non-Newtonian Casson fluid in a permeable medium with heat absorption. Using the perturbation approach, Uwanta et al.36 investigated Magnetohydrodynamic impact across a flat channel incorporating Dufour and Soret effects. Some interested results are presented in37,38,39.

Stimulated by the aforementioned literature, the existing research examines patterns of hyperbolic tangent nanofluid across a radiative Riga stretching surface with Dufour effect, heat generation, and activation energy. Here, extensive mathematical transformation is done, followed by computations using the MATLAB bvp4c procedure. The significance of developed variables in the velocity, heat, and concentration domains is illustrated and discussed graphically. The findings may find application in low-density heat exchangers and temperature transmission devices.

Considering the constant wall thermal performance and concentration with a velocity \(u = ax\) along the boundary layer area due to an electrically charged tangential hyperbolic nanofluid flow across a stretched Riga wall, changing thickness and momentum are formulated. Furthermore, the feature of activation energy and heat generation is utilised. Thermophoresis and Brownian motion are used to demonstrate the behaviour of nanofluids. The configuration flow over a Riga tray model is seen in Fig. 1.

Plate model.

A Riga surface denotes magnets and electrodes arranged interdependently along the x-axis and perpendicular to the y-axis. This electromagnetic field can be characterized by the Grinberg concept as \(F = \frac{{\pi J_{0} m_{0} e^{{ - \frac{\pi }{l}y}} }}{8}\). In addition, the flow of 2-dimensional tangent hyperbolic nanofluid EMHD across a stretchable Riga wall experienced diffusion-thermo, nonlinear thermal radiation, heat generation, and activation energy in this research analysis.

The governing equations are modeled as follows: Hayet et al.2, Waqas et al.5, Rasool et al.31

The corresponding associated conditions are as follows:

The Rosseland approximation is incorporated as

Suppose the temperature variations are relatively minimal such that \(T^{4}\) could be broadened in a Taylor expansion about \(T_{\infty }\) and the elevated terms are omitted, the result is

Equations (6 and 7) develop into

The non-dimensional quantities are implemented:

The non-dimensional components of Eq. (9) are swapped into Eqs. (2), (3), (4) and (5) taking into consideration Eq. (8) producing:

The resulting conditions are as follows:

where \(Nt = \,\frac{{\psi D_{T} \left( {T_{\omega } - T_{\infty } } \right)}}{{T_{\infty } v_{f} }}\), \(Nb = \,\frac{{\psi D_{B} \left( {C_{\omega } - C_{\infty } } \right)}}{{v_{f} }}\), \(E_{a} = \frac{{E_{1`} }}{{KT_{\infty } }}\), \(Du = \frac{{D_{m} k_{T} (C_{\omega }^{{}} - C_{\infty }^{{}} )}}{{\nu_{f} C_{s} C_{p} (T_{\omega }^{{}} - T_{\infty }^{{}} )}}\,\), \(\,\,\,Q = \frac{{Q_{1} }}{{a\left( {\rho C_{p} } \right)_{f} }}\,\), \(We = \frac{{2^{{\tfrac{1}{2}}} a^{{\tfrac{3}{2}}} x}}{{\sqrt {v_{f} } }}\Gamma\), \(K_{1} = \frac{K}{a}\,\), \(\delta = \frac{{T_{\omega }^{{}} - T_{\infty }^{{}} }}{{T_{\infty }^{{}} }}\,.\)

The skin friction coefficient, which is an essential boundary layer property, is given by

\({C}_{f}=\frac{{\tau }_{w}}{\rho {u}_{w}^{2}}\), \({\tau }_{w}={\left[\left(1-n\right)\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}+\frac{n\Gamma }{\sqrt{2}} {\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)}^{2}\right]}_{\zeta =0}\) and the dimensionless form is expressed as

Nusselt's number is denoted by \(N{u}_{x}=\frac{x{q}_{w}}{k({T}_{w}-{T}_{\infty })} f\) or the present study, the local heat flux \({q}_{w}\) at the wall is defined as \({q}_{w}=-{\left[k\left(1+\frac{16{\sigma }^{*}{T}_{\infty }}{3k{k}^{*}}\right)\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right]}_{\zeta =0}\).

The local Nusselt number in dimensionless form is given by

The Sherwood number is defined as \(Sh=\frac{x{j}_{w}}{{D}_{B}}.\) For this study, the local mass flux \({j}_{w}\) is given by \({j}_{w}=-{D}_{w}{\left(\frac{\partial C}{\partial y}\right)}_{\zeta =0}\) also, dimensionless form is given by \(\frac{Sh}{{\sqrt {{\text{Re}}_{x} } }} = - C^{\prime}(0)\).

Where the local Reynolds number is \({\text{Re}}_{x} = \frac{{ax^{2} }}{{v_{f} }}.\)

The reduced differential Eqs. (10)–(13) are numerically solved together with Neumann boundary conditions using the bvp4c approach for various parameter values.

Using Matlab's bvp4c solver, which adopts a finite difference strategy. Before MATLAB bvp4c can be used, the Eqs. (10)–(13) must be transformed into a system of first-order equations. The systematic way for the solution follows according to Fig. 2.

Flow chart solution.

Just let \(\xi ={\left[f \; {f}{^{\prime}} \; {f}{^{\prime\prime} } \; \Theta \; \Theta ^{\prime } \; C \; C{^{\prime}} \right]}^{T}.\) which gives

Step 1 We now have a system of equations of the first order.:

Step 2 The numerical solution is performed using the in-built bvp4c MATLAB solver, boundary conditions, and an appropriate finite value for the far-range boundary condition. The significance of the boundary values as \(\eta \to \infty\) say \(\eta \to 10\).

Step 3 Initial criteria that apply are as follows:

The scaling factor is marked by = 0.01, and the convergence requirements are specified to the fifth decimal place.

When Matlab bvp4c is used, just three items are required to solve the bvp.

A function ODEs for evaluating ordinary differential equations.

A function called BCs (Boundary conditions) calculates the boundary condition's residual.

A solit structure that contains both a mesh estimation and a mesh solution. In Matlab, ODEs are treated in a manner similar to IVP solvers.

The numerical solution of the set of ODEs generated from the momentum, energy, and concentration Eqs. (10)–(13) and subjected to the boundary conditions was accomplished with the help of the bvp4c function from a MATLAB Software. The beauty of MATLAB bvp4c is that it is numerically more stable and converges more quickly. We got velocity, concentration, and temperature graphs for several values of the controlling parameters. The findings are shown graphically.

The velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are displayed in Figs. 3, 4 and 5 to demonstrate the controllable effect of modified Hartmann number (M). The modified Hartmann number \(\left(M\right)\) increases the velocity distribution and reduces the temperature, concentration distribution in the data shown in Fig. 3, 4 and 5. Increased M estimates increase the magnitude of the external electric field that extends beyond the usual dimension, resulting in the formation of wall parallel Lorentz force. The velocity distribution advances in a linear fashion.

Character of \(M\) versus \({f}^{^{\prime}}\left(\zeta \right)\).

Character of \(M\) versus \(\Theta \left(\zeta \right)\).

Character of \(M\) versus \(C\left(\zeta \right)\).

The impacts of the emerging physical factor, i.e., The Weissenberg number's consequences on the fluid velocity, temperature, and concentration areas, are shown in Figs. 6, 7 and 8. Figure illustrates the relationship between the fluid velocity, the fluid temperature, and the concentration. The velocity profiles are seen to be diminishing functions of (We). The Weissenberg value expresses relaxation time's proportion (ratio) to the duration required for a certain procedure. Increasing (We) reduces the particular process time, which results in a reduction in both the velocity component and thickness of the boundary layer. By increasing the value of (We), the fluid concentration and temperature profiles are enhanced.

Character of \(We\) versus \(f{^{\prime}}\left(\zeta \right)\).

Character of \(We\) versus \(\Theta \left(\zeta \right)\).

Character of \(We\) versus \(C\left(\zeta \right)\).

Figures 9, 10 and 11 illustrate the variations in the velocity, temperature, and concentration domains generated by the power-law index n. The impact of the power-law index n on the velocity distribution is seen in Fig. 9. The dimensionless velocity declines as the power-law index n increases. The temperature and concentration fields are shown in Figs. 10 and 11 as they vary as a function of n. A spike in the power-law coefficient (n) leads to a rise in the fluid's viscosity. The velocity of the fluid reduces as a consequence, while the temperature and concentration fields improve.

Character of \(n\) versus \(f{^{\prime}}\left(\zeta \right)\).

Character of \(n\) versus \(\Theta \left(\zeta \right)\).

Character of \(n\) versus \(\mathrm{C}\left(\zeta \right)\).

Figure 12 depicts the function of Pr on temperature. Prandtl number (Pr) controls the thermal pattern in the figure. The curves in this figure illustrate that a rise in Pr translates into a drop in the energy profile. This is because heat conductivity diminishes as Pr increases. Physically, a high Pr value indicates a poor thermal conductivity, which diminishes conduction and consequently the thermal boundary layer, resulting in a fall in fluid temperature.

Character of \(Pr\) versus \(\Theta \left(\zeta \right)\).

Figure 13 exhibits the function of the radiation parameter (R) on the temperature field. It is noticed that when R grows, the temperature distribution improves dramatically, as an upsurge in the radiation parameter transmits additional heat to the fluid, resulting in an increase in the temperature and structural thickness of the boundary layer.

Character of \(R\) versus \(\Theta \left(\zeta \right)\).

The impact of decreasing parameter S is seen in Figs. 14, 15 and 16, whereas the thermal and concentration curves exhibit the opposite effect. Internal forces inside the thick wall rise as Nb increases, resulting in a decrease in the momentum boundary layer and flow velocity. The stretching velocity decreases as the wall thickness factor increases. Due to the fact that this is primarily concerned with the asymptotic behaviour of the velocity distribution, increasing the wall thickness factor raises the liquid velocity monotonically.

Character of \(S\) versus \(f{^{\prime}}\left(\zeta \right)\).

Character of \(S\) versus \(\Theta \left(\zeta \right)\).

Character of \(S\) versus \(\mathrm{C}\left(\zeta \right)\).

Figure 17 highlights the function of Brownian motion coefficient Nb on the temperature variation. The higher temperature distribution is obtained when the Brownian motion coefficient is enhanced. Consequently, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer grows. As the Brownian motion parameter improves, the random motion of the fluid particles increases, resulting in increasing heat output. As a result, temperature distribution improves. The concentration profile exhibits the inverse phenomena in Fig. 18.

Character of \(Nb\) versus \(\Theta \left(\zeta \right)\).

Character of \(Nb\) versus \(\mathrm{C}\left(\zeta \right)\).

Figure 19 illustrates the impact of the thermophoresis parameter Nt on the temperature gradient. For larger values of Nt, both temperature and thermal boundary layer width exhibit dominant behaviour. The strategy of Thermophoresis is a technique by which particles heated are drawn from a hot surface toward a cooler location. As a result, the temperature of the fluid improves.

Character of \(Nt\) versus \(\Theta \left(\zeta \right)\).

Figure 20 exhibits the Schmidt number's (Sc) trend on concentration curvatures. It examines the relative efficacy of momentum and mass transmission through diffusion within the hydrodynamic (velocity) and chemical (species) boundary surfaces. Increased Schmidt coefficient reduces the fluid's mass diffusivity, associated with decreased concentration profiles.

Character of \(Sc\) versus \(\mathrm{C}\left(\zeta \right)\).

The effect of activation energy \({E}_{a}\) on volumetric concentration can be examined in Fig. 21. It is noticed that increasing the activation energy \({E}_{a}\) increases the volumetric concentration.

Character of \({E}_{a}\) versus \(\mathrm{C}\left(\zeta \right)\).

Figure 22. illustrates Dufour's influence on the temperature field. It has been observed that raising the Du number results in an increase in the temperature field.

Character of \({E}_{a}\) versus \(\mathrm{C}\left(\zeta \right)\).

The fluctuation of a chemical reaction factor on a concentration profile is shown in Fig. 23. It demonstrates that the concentration profile diminishes as the value of \({K}_{1}\) enhances.

Character of \({K}_{1}\) versus \(\mathrm{C}\left(\zeta \right)\).

The \(- \Theta^{\prime } (0)\) comparison values are used to validate the numerical data. Table 1 compares1,2,3. As a result of the excellent agreement between the numerical results, we may be sure of the results' trustworthiness.

The intention of Table 2 is to evaluate the effect of relevant factors on the skin friction coefficient. Notably, the positive value of modified magnetic number M, the power-law index n, and the Weissenberg number diminish the surface drag coefficient.

Table 3 demonstrates the effect of different variables on the Nusselt number. The heat transfer rate is lowered when the power-law coefficient n, thermophoresis coefficient Nt, the heat source (Q), and the Weissenberg number (We) values improve. However, the Nusselt number grows as the thermal radiation parameter (R) rises.

Table 4 shows the influence of various factors on the mass transfer rate or the Sherwood number. It is observed that there is an acclivity in each of the power-law index n, the Weissenberg number. (We), Activation energy (\(E_{a}\)), the rate of heat transfer is decreased. In contrast, for increasing values of thermal exponent term (m), heat basis constant (\(\delta\)), chemical reaction constant(\(K_{1}\)), and Schmidt number, an increase in the Sherwood number is seen.

In this scientific study, the numerical simulation on EMHD transmission of non-Newtonian hyperbolic tangent nanoliquid across a stretching sheet surface with Dufour effect, heat generation, and activation energy is studied. Utilizing the MATLAB software bvp4c, the overview of the outcomes is as follows:

The improvement of Modified Hartmann number (M) on velocity distribution has a concurrent reverse effect on power-law index (n), Weissenberg number (We), and associated EMHD parameter (S).

Increasing the values of Du parameter (Du), thermophoresis, and Brownian motion parameters results in the rise of temperature distribution.

The augmentation of the activation energy \({E}_{a}\) increases the volumetric concentration.

The increasing values of modified magnetic number M, the power-law index (n), and the Weissenberg number slow down the friction coefficient.

The rate of heat transfer is lowered when the thermophoresis parameter (Nt), the power-law index n, heat source (Q), and the Weissenberg number (We) increases

The numerical data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Modified Hartmann parameter

Fluid temperature

Weissenberg number

Nusselt number

Surface temperature

Activation energy

Heat basis constant

Dufour effect

Power-law index

Surface concentration

Chemical reaction constant

Thermal exponent term

Heat generation parameter

Schmidt number

Magnets and electrodes width

Specific heat capacity

Brownian motion

Mean absorption

Thermophoresis parameter

Ambient temperature

Sherwood number

Concentration susceptibility

Coefficient of mass diffusivity

Magnetization of magnets (Tesla)

Prandtl number

Stefan Boltzmann constant

Associated with magnets and electrodes

Radiation parameter

Density

Radiative heat flux

Ambient fluid concentration

Thermal conductivity

Reddy, S. N., Reddy, G. V. & Reddy, M. V. S. Peristaltic flow of a hyperbolic tangent fluid through a porous medium in a planar channel. Int. J. Eng. Tech. Res. 4, 28–38 (2013).

Google Scholar

Hayat, T., Ullah, I., Alsaedi, A. & Ahmad, B. Modeling tangent hyperbolic nanoliquid flow with heat and mass flux conditions. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 132(3), 1–15 (2017).

Google Scholar

Hussain, S. et al. Combined magnetic and porosity effects on flow of time-dependent tangent hyperbolic fluid with nanoparticles and motile gyrotactic microorganism past a wedge with second-order slip. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.100962 (2021).

Article Google Scholar

Hayat, T., Haider, F., Muhammad, T. & Alsaedi, A. Three-dimensional rotating flow of carbon nanotubes with Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium. PLoS ONE 12, 1–18 (2017).

Google Scholar

Sabu, A. S., Wakif, A., Areekara, S., Mathew, A. & Shah, N. A. Significance of nanoparticles’ shape and thermo-hydrodynamic slip constraints on MHD alumina-water nanoliquid flows over a rotating heated disk: The passive control approach. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Tran. 129, 105711 (2021).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Mahdy, A. & Chamkha, A. J. Unsteady MHD boundary layer flow of tangent hyperbolic two-phase nanofluid of moving stretched porous wedge. Int. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow 28(11), 2567–2580 (2018).

Article Google Scholar

Shafiq, A., Lone, S. A., Sindhu, T. N., Al-Mdallal, Q. M. & Rasool, G. Statistical modeling for bioconvective tangent hyperbolic nanofluid towards stretching surface with zero mass flux condition. Sci. Rep. 11, 13869. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93329-y (2021).

Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Naseer, M., Rehman, A., Yousaf, M. & Nadeem, S. The boundary layer flow of hyperbolic tangent fluid over a vertical exponentially stretching cylinder. Alex. Eng. J. 53, 747–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2014.05.001 (2014).

Article Google Scholar

Dawar, A., Wakif, A., Thumma, T. & Shah, N. A. Towards a new MHD non-homogeneous convective nanofluid flow model for simulating a rotating inclined thin layer of sodium alginate-based Iron oxide exposed to incident solar energy. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 130, 105800 (2022).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Nadeem, S. & Shahzadi, I. Inspiration of induced magnetic field on nano hyperbolic tangent fluid in a curved channel. AIP Adv. 6, 15110. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940757 (2016).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Gailitis, A. & Lielausis, O. On a possibility to reduce the hydrodynamic resistance of a plate in an electrolyte. Appl. Magnetohydrodyn. Rep. Riga Inst. Phys. 12, 143–146 (1961).

Google Scholar

Abdal, S. et al. Significance of chemical reaction with activation energy for Riga wedge flow of tangent hyperbolic nanofluid in existence of heat source. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 28, 101542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101542 (2021).

Article Google Scholar

Shafiq, A. et al. Marangoni driven boundary layer flow of carbon nanotubes toward a Riga plate. Front. Phys. 7, 215 (2020).

Article Google Scholar

Farooq, M. et al. Melting heat transfer in the flow over a variable thicked Riga plate with homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions. J. Mol. Liq. 224, 1341–1347 (2016).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Wakif, A. et al. Novel physical insights into the thermodynamic irreversibilities within dissipative EMHD fluid flows past over a moving horizontal Riga plate in the coexistence of wall suction and joule heating effects: A comprehensive numerical investigation. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 45(11), 9423–9438 (2020).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Hayat, T., Abbas, T., Ayub, M., Farooq, M. & Alsaedi, A. Flow of nanofluid due to convectively heated Riga plate with variable thickness. J. Mol. Liq. 222, 854–862 (2016).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Ahmad, A., Asghar, S. & Afza, S. Flow of nanofluid past a Riga plate. J. Magn. Mater. 402, 44–48 (2016).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Shaw, S., Nayak, M. K. & Makinde, O. D. Transient rotational flow of radiative nanofluids over an impermeable Riga plate with variable properties. In Defect and Diffusion Forum, Vol. 387, 640–652 (Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2018).

Rafique, K., Alotaibi, H., Ibrar, N. & Khan, I. Stratified flow of micropolar nanofluid over Riga plate: Numerical analysis. Energies 15, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010316 (2022).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Nadeem, S., Malik, M. Y. & Abbas, N. Heat transfer of three-dimensional micropolar fluid on a Riga plate. Can. J. Phys. 98, 32–38 (2020).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Mahdy, A. & Hoshoudy, G. A. EMHD time-dependant tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow by a convective heated Riga plate with chemical reaction. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part E J. Process. Mech. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954408918805261 (2018).

Article Google Scholar

Fatunmbi, E. O., Adeosun, A. T. & Salawu, S. O. Irreversibility analysis for eyring-powell nanoliquid flow past magnetized Riga device with nonlinear thermal radiation. Fluids 6, 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6110416 (2021).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Alotaibi, H. & Rafique, K. Numerical analysis of micro-rotation effect on nanofluid flow for vertical Riga plate. Curr. Comput.-Aided Drug Des. 11, 1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111315 (2021).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Hayat, T., Khan, M., Khan, M. I., Alsaedi, A. & Ayub, M. Electromagneto squeezing rotational flow of carbon (C)–water (H2O) kerosene oil nanofluid past a Riga plate: A numerical study. PLoS ONE 12(8), e0180976 (2017).

Article Google Scholar

Asogwa, K. K., Bilal, S. M., Animasaun, I. L. & Mebarek-Oudina, F. Insight into the significance of ramped wall temperature and ramped surface concentration: The case of Casson fluid flow on an inclined Riga plate with heat absorption and chemical reaction. Nonlinear Eng. 10(1), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2021-0016 (2021).

Article ADS Google Scholar

Ahmad, R., Mustafa, M. & Turkyilmazoglu, M. Buoyancy effects on nanofluid flow past a convectively heated vertical Riga-plate: A numerical study. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 111, 827–835 (2017).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Asogwa, K. K., Mebarek-Oudina, F. & Animasaun, I. L. Comparative investigation of water-based Al2O3 nanoparticles through water-based CuO nanoparticles over an exponentially accelerated radiative Riga plate surface via heat transport. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06355-3 (2022).

Article Google Scholar

Rasool, G., Zhang, T. & Shafiq, A. Second-grade nanofluidic flow past a convectively heated vertical Riga plate. Phys. Scr. 94(12), 125212 (2019).

Article ADS CAS Google Scholar

Bilal, S., Asogwa, K. K., Alotaibi, H., Malik, M. Y. & Khan, I. Analytical treatment of radiative Casson fluid over an isothermal inclined Riga surface with aspects of chemically reactive species. Alex. Eng. J. 60(5), 4243–4253 (2021).

Article Google Scholar

Asogwa, K. K., Uwanta, I. J., Momoh, A. A. & Omokhuale, E. Heat and mass transfer over a vertical plate with periodic Suction and heat sink. Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 5(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.5.5077 (2013).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Rasool, G., Shafiq, A. & Baleanu, D. Consequences of Soret–Dufour effects, thermal radiation, and binary chemical reaction on darcy forchheimer flow of nanofluids. Symmetry 12, 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091421 (2020).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Goud, B. S. & Reddy, Y. D. Finite element Soret Dufour effects on an unsteady MHD heat and mass transfer flow past an accelerated inclined vertical plate. Heat Transf. 50(8), 8553–8578 (2021).

Article Google Scholar

Kumar, M. A., Reddy, Y. D., Goud, B. S. & Rao, V. S. Effects of Soret, Dufour, hall current and rotation on MHD natural convective heat and mass transfer flow past an accelerated vertical plate through a porous medium. Int. J. Thermofluids 9, 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2020.100061 (2020).

Article Google Scholar

Abdelraheem, M. A. & El-Sapa, S. Effects of Soret and Dufour numbers on MHD thermosolutal convection of a nanofluid in a finned cavity including rotating circular cylinder and cross shapes. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 130, 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105819 (2022).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Asogwa, K. K., Alsulami, M. D., Prasannakumara, B. C. & Muhammad, T. Double diffusive convection and cross diffusion effects on Casson fluid over a Lorentz force driven Riga plate in a porous medium with heat sink: An analytical approach. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 131, 105761 (2021).

Article Google Scholar

Uwanta, I. J., Asogwa, K. K. & Ali, U. A. MHD fluid flow over a vertical plate with Dufour and Soret effects. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 45(2), 8–16 (2008).

Google Scholar

Fetecau, C., Shah, N. A. & Vieru, D. General solutions for hydromagnetic free convection flow over an infinite plate with newtonian heating, mass diffusion and chemical reaction. Commun. Theor. Phys. 68(6), 768–782 (2017).

Article ADS MathSciNet CAS Google Scholar

Kumar, M. D., Raju, C. S. K., Sajjan, K., El-Zahar, E. R. & Shah, N. A. Linear and quadratic convection on 3D flow with transpiration and hybrid nanoparticles. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 134, 105995 (2022).

Article CAS Google Scholar

Shah, N. A., Wakif, A., El-Zahar, E. R., Ahmad, S. & Yook, S.-J. Numerical simulation of a thermally enhanced EMHD flow of a heterogeneous micropolar mixture comprising (60%)-ethylene glycol (EG), (40%)-water (W), and copper oxide nanomaterials (CuO). Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 35, 102046 (2022).

Article Google Scholar

Hassanien, I. A., Abdullah, A. A. & Gorla, R. S. R. Flow and heat transfer in a power-law fluid over a nonisothermal stretching sheet. Math. Comput. Med. 28(1998), 105–116 (1998).

Article MathSciNet Google Scholar

Salleh, M. Z. & Nazar, R. Numerical solutions of the boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet with constant wall temperature and heat flux. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference Mathematics Science-ICM, Vol. 3, 1260–1267 (2008).

Fadzilah, Md. A., Roslinda, N., Norihan, Md. A. & Ioan, P. MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet with induced magnetic field. Heat Mass Transf. 47, 155–162 (2011).

Article Google Scholar

Download references

This research was conducted under the “Reduction Management Program of Fine Dust Blind-Spots” and was supported by the Ministry of Environment as part of the “Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) (No. 2020003060010)”.

These authors contributed equally: Kanayo Kenneth Asogwa and Nehad Ali Shah.

Department of Mathematics, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria

Kanayo Kenneth Asogwa

Department of Mathematics, JNTUH University College of Engineering Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India

B. Shankar Goud

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea

Nehad Ali Shah

School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea

Se-Jin Yook

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Conceptualization, K.K.A. and N.A.S.; methodology, B.S.G. and S.J.Y. software, B.S.G.; validation, K.K.A. and N.A.S.; formal analysis, B.S.G.; investigation, S.J.Y.; resources, N.A.S. data curation, B.S.G.; Writing—original draft preparation, K.K.A. and N.A.S.; writing—review and editing, all authors; visualization, B.S.G.; supervision, S.J.Y.; project administration, K.K.A., funding acquisition, S.J.Y.; K.K.A. and N.A.S. contributed equally to this work and are co-first authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Correspondence to Se-Jin Yook.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and Permissions

Asogwa, K.K., Goud, B.S., Shah, N.A. et al. Rheology of electromagnetohydrodynamic tangent hyperbolic nanofluid over a stretching riga surface featuring dufour effect and activation energy. Sci Rep 12, 14602 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18998-9

Download citation

Received: 26 April 2022

Accepted: 23 August 2022

Published: 26 August 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18998-9

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (2023)

Journal of Central South University (2023)

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.